Python爬虫入门项目(爬虫项目数据入门语言)「python爬虫入门教程(非常详细)」

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Python是什么

Python是著名的“龟叔”Guido van Rossum在1989年圣诞节期间，为了打发无聊的圣诞节而编写的一个编程语言。

创始人Guido van Rossum是BBC出品英剧Monty Python’s Flying Circus（中文：蒙提·派森的飞行马戏团）的狂热粉丝，因而将自己创造的这门编程语言命名为Python。

人生苦短，我用python，翻译自\"Life is short, you need Python\"

Python英式发音：/ˈpaɪθən/ ，中文类似‘拍森’。
而美式发音：/ˈpaɪθɑːn/，中文类似‘拍赏’。
我看麻省理工授课教授读的是‘拍赏’，我觉得国内大多是读‘拍森’吧。

2017年python排第一也无可争议，比较AI第一语言，在当下人工智能大数据大火的情况下，python无愧第一语言的称号，至于C、C++、java都是万年的老大哥了，在代码量比较方面，

不过从这一年的编程语言流行趋势看，java依然是传播最多的，比较无论app、web、云计算都离不开，而其相对python而言，学习路径更困难一点，想要转行编程，而且追赶潮流，python已然是最佳语言。

许多大型网站就是用Python开发的，国内：豆瓣、搜狐、金山、腾讯、盛大、网易、百度、阿里、淘宝、热酷、土豆、新浪、果壳…； 国外：谷歌、NASA、YouTube、Facebook、工业光魔、红帽…

Python将被纳入高考内容

浙江省信息技术课程改革方案已经出台，Python确定进入浙江省信息技术高考，从2018年起浙江省信息技术教材编程语言将会从vb更换为Python。
其实不止浙江，教育大省北京和山东也确定要把Python编程基础纳入信息技术课程和高考的内容体系，Python语言课程化也将成为孩子学习的一种趋势。
尤其山东省最新出版的小学信息技术六年级教材也加入了Python内容，小学生都开始接触Python语言了！
！

再不学习，又要被小学生完爆了。
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Python入门教程

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Python能做什么

Python入门爬虫

这是我的第一个python项目，在这里与大家分享出来~

​下面咱们按照上图中的顺序，从上往下一个一个文件的讲解init.py包的标识文件，python包就是文件夹，当改文件夹下有一个init.py文件后它就成为一个package，我在这个包中引入一些py供其他py调用。

init.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- # import need manager module import MongoUtil import FileUtil import conf_dev import conf_test import scratch_airport_name import scratch_flight_number import scratch_movie_name import scratch_train_number import scratch_train_station import MainUtil

下面两个是配置文件，第一个是开发环境的（windows），第二个是测试环境的（linux），然后再根据不同系统启用不同的配置文件

conf_dev.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- # the configuration file of develop environment # path configure data_root_path = 'E:/APK98_GNBJ_SMARTSERVER/Proj-gionee-data/smart/data' # mongodb configure user = \"cmc\" pwd = \"123456\" server = \"localhost\" port = \"27017\" db_name = \"smartdb\"

conf_test.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- # the configuration file of test environment #path configure data_root_path = '/data/app/smart/data' #mongodb configure user = \"smart\" pwd = \"123456\" server = \"10.8.0.30\" port = \"27017\" db_name = \"smartdb\"

下面文件是一个util文件，主要是读取原文件的内容，还有将新内容写入原文件。

FileUtil.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- import conf_dev import conf_test import platform # configure Multi-confronment # 判断当前系统，并引入相对的配置文件platform_os = platform.system() config = conf_dev if (platform_os == 'Linux'): config = conf_test # path data_root_path = config.data_root_path # load old data def read(resources_file_path, encode='utf-8'): file_path = data_root_path + resources_file_path outputs = [] for line in open(file_path, encoding=encode): if not line.startswith(\"//\"): outputs.append(line.strip('\n').split(',')[-1]) return outputs # append new data to file from scratch def append(resources_file_path, data, encode='utf-8'): file_path = data_root_path + resources_file_path with open(file_path, 'a', encoding=encode) as f: f.write(data) f.close

下面这个main方法控制着执行流程，其他的执行方法调用这个main方法

MainUtil.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- import sys from datetime import datetime import MongoUtil import FileUtil # @param resources_file_path 资源文件的path # @param base_url 爬取的连接 # @param scratch_func 爬取的方法 def main(resources_file_path, base_url, scratch_func): old_data = FileUtil.read(resources_file_path) #读取原资源 new_data = scratch_func(base_url, old_data) #爬取新资源 if new_data: #如果新数据不为空 date_new_data = \"//\" + datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d') + \"\n\" + \"\n\".join(new_data) + \"\n\" #在新数据前面加上当前日期 FileUtil.append(resources_file_path, date_new_data) #将新数据追加到文件中 MongoUtil.insert(resources_file_path, date_new_data) #将新数据插入到mongodb数据库中 else: #如果新数据为空，则打印日志 print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), '----', getattr(scratch_func, '__name__'), \": nothing to update \")

将更新的内容插入mongodb中

MongoUtil.py

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- import platform from pymongo import MongoClient from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone import conf_dev import conf_test # configure Multi-confronment platform_os = platform.system() config = conf_dev if (platform_os == 'Linux'): config = conf_test # mongodb uri = 'mongodb://' + config.user + ':' + config.pwd + '@' + config.server + ':' + config.port + '/' + config.db_name # 将数据写入mongodb # @author chenmc # @param uri connect to mongodb # @path save mongodb field # @data save mongodb field # @operation save mongodb field default value 'append' # @date 2017/12/07 16:30 # 先在mongodb中插入一条自增数据 db.sequence.insert({ \"_id\" : \"version\",\"seq\" : 1}) def insert(path, data, operation='append'): client = MongoClient(uri) resources = client.smartdb.resources sequence = client.smartdb.sequence seq = sequence.find_one({\"_id\": \"version\"})[\"seq\"] #获取自增id sequence.update_one({\"_id\": \"version\"}, {\"$inc\": {\"seq\": 1}}) #自增id+1 post_data = {\"_class\": \"com.gionee.smart.domain.entity.Resources\", \"version\": seq, \"path\": path, \"content\": data, \"status\": \"enable\", \"operation\": operation, \"createtime\": datetime.now(timezone(timedelta(hours=8)))} resources.insert(post_data) #插入数据

项目引入的第三方库，可使用pip install -r requirements.txt下载第三方库

requirements.txt

# need to install module# need to install module bs4 pymongo requests json

下面真正的执行方法来了，这五个py分别表示爬取五种信息：机场名、航班号、电影名、列车号、列车站。
他们的结构都差不多，如下:

第一部分：定义查找的url；第二部分：获取并与旧数据比较，返回新数据；第三部分：main方法，执行写入新数据到文件和mongodb中；

scratch_airport_name.py：爬取全国机场

# -- coding: UTF-8 -- import requests import bs4 import json import MainUtil resources_file_path = '/resources/airplane/airportNameList.ini' scratch_url_old = 'https://data.variflight.com/profiles/profilesapi/search' scratch_url = 'https://data.variflight.com/analytics/codeapi/initialList' get_city_url = 'https://data.variflight.com/profiles/Airports/%s' #传入查找网页的url和旧数据，然后本方法会比对原数据中是否有新的条目，如果有则不加入，如果没有则重新加入，最后返回新数据def scratch_airport_name(scratch_url, old_airports): new_airports = [] data = requests.get(scratch_url).text all_airport_json = json.loads(data)['data'] for airport_by_word in all_airport_json.values(): for airport in airport_by_word: if airport['fn'] not in old_airports: get_city_uri = get_city_url % airport['id'] data2 = requests.get(get_city_uri).text soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data2, \"html.parser\") city = soup.find('span', text=\"城市\").next_sibling.text new_airports.append(city + ',' + airport['fn']) return new_airports #main方法，执行这个py，默认调用main方法，相当于java的mainif __name__ == '__main__': MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_airport_name)

scratch_flight_number.py：爬取全国航班号

#!/usr/bin/python # -- coding: UTF-8 -- import requests import bs4 import MainUtil resources_file_path = '/resources/airplane/flightNameList.ini' scratch_url = 'http://www.variflight.com/sitemap.html?AE71649A58c77=' def scratch_flight_number(scratch_url, old_flights): new_flights = [] data = requests.get(scratch_url).text soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, \"html.parser\") a_flights = soup.find('div', class_='list').find_all('a', recursive=False) for flight in a_flights: if flight.text not in old_flights and flight.text != '国内航段列表': new_flights.append(flight.text) return new_flights if __name__ == '__main__': MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_flight_number)

scratch_movie_name.py：爬取最近上映的电影

#!/usr/bin/python # -- coding: UTF-8 -- import re import requests import bs4 import json import MainUtil # 相对路径，也是需要将此路径存入数据库 resources_file_path = '/resources/movie/cinemaNameList.ini' scratch_url = 'http://theater.mtime.com/China_Beijing/' # scratch data with define url def scratch_latest_movies(scratch_url, old_movies): data = requests.get(scratch_url).text soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, \"html.parser\") new_movies = [] new_movies_json = json.loads( soup.find('script', text=re.compile(\"var hotplaySvList\")).text.split(\"=\")[1].replace(\";\", \"\")) coming_movies_data = soup.find_all('li', class_='i_wantmovie') # 上映的电影 for movie in new_movies_json: move_name = movie['Title'] if move_name not in old_movies: new_movies.append(movie['Title']) # 即将上映的电影 for coming_movie in coming_movies_data: coming_movie_name = coming_movie.h3.a.text if coming_movie_name not in old_movies and coming_movie_name not in new_movies: new_movies.append(coming_movie_name) return new_movies if __name__ == '__main__': MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_latest_movies)

scratch_train_number.py：爬取全国列车号

#!/usr/bin/python # -- coding: UTF-8 -- import requests import bs4 import json import MainUtil resources_file_path = '/resources/train/trainNameList.ini' scratch_url = 'http://www.59178.com/checi/' def scratch_train_number(scratch_url, old_trains): new_trains = [] resp = requests.get(scratch_url) data = resp.text.encode(resp.encoding).decode('gb2312') soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, \"html.parser\") a_trains = soup.find('table').find_all('a') for train in a_trains: if train.text not in old_trains and train.text: new_trains.append(train.text) return new_trains if __name__ == '__main__': MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_train_number)

scratch_train_station.py：爬取全国列车站

#!/usr/bin/python # -- coding: UTF-8 -- import requests import bs4 import random import MainUtil resources_file_path = '/resources/train/trainStationNameList.ini' scratch_url = 'http://www.smskb.com/train/' def scratch_train_station(scratch_url, old_stations): new_stations = [] provinces_eng = ( \"Anhui\", \"Beijing\", \"Chongqing\", \"Fujian\", \"Gansu\", \"Guangdong\", \"Guangxi\", \"Guizhou\", \"Hainan\", \"Hebei\", \"Heilongjiang\", \"Henan\", \"Hubei\", \"Hunan\", \"Jiangsu\", \"Jiangxi\", \"Jilin\", \"Liaoning\", \"Ningxia\", \"Qinghai\", \"Shandong\", \"Shanghai\", \"Shanxi\", \"Shanxisheng\", \"Sichuan\", \"Tianjin\", \"Neimenggu\", \"Xianggang\", \"Xinjiang\", \"Xizang\", \"Yunnan\", \"Zhejiang\") provinces_chi = ( \"安徽\", \"北京\", \"重庆\", \"福建\", \"甘肃\", \"广东\", \"广西\", \"贵州\", \"海南\", \"河北\", \"黑龙江\", \"河南\", \"湖北\", \"湖南\", \"江苏\", \"江西\", \"吉林\", \"辽宁\", \"宁夏\", \"青海\", \"山东\", \"上海\", \"陕西\", \"山西\", \"四川\", \"天津\", \"内蒙古\", \"香港\", \"新疆\", \"西藏\", \"云南\", \"浙江\") for i in range(0, provinces_eng.__len__(), 1): cur_url = scratch_url + provinces_eng[i] + \".htm\" resp = requests.get(cur_url) data = resp.text.encode(resp.encoding).decode('gbk') soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(data, \"html.parser\") a_stations = soup.find('left').find('table').find_all('a') for station in a_stations: if station.text not in old_stations: new_stations.append(provinces_chi[i] + ',' + station.text) return new_stations if __name__ == '__main__': MainUtil.main(resources_file_path, scratch_url, scratch_train_station)

将项目放到测试服务器(centos7系统)中运行起来，我写了一个crontab，定时调用他们，下面贴出crontab。

/etc/crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root # For details see man 4 crontabs # Example of job definition: # .---------------- minute (0 - 59) # | .------------- hour (0 - 23) # | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31) # | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ... # | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat # | | | | | # user-name command to be executed 0 0 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_movie_name.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1 0 1 1 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_train_station.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1 0 2 2 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_train_number.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1 0 3 4 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_flight_number.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1 0 4 5 root python3 /data/app/smart/py/scratch_airport_name.py >> /data/logs/smartpy/out.log 2>&1

后续

目前项目已经正常运行了三个多月啦。
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